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\begin{document}


\title{Jacob's ladders and the asymptotic equivalence of some integrals}

\author{Jan Moser}

\address{Department of Mathematical Analysis and Numerical Mathematics, Comenius University, Mlynska Dolina M105, 842 48 Bratislava, SLOVAKIA}

\email{jan.mozer@fmph.uniba.sk}

\keywords{Riemann zeta-function}



\begin{abstract}
In this paper we continue the study of a new class of integrals
containing the products of the factors $|\zeta|^2$. Namely, we obtain asymptotic formulae for some class of integrals containing a product
of polynomial in the variable $\vp_1^{n+1}(t)$ and the factors of type $|\zeta|^2$.
\end{abstract}
\maketitle

\section{Introduction}

\subsection{}

Let us remind that Hardy and Littlewood started to study the following integral in 1926
\bdis
\int_1^T\left|\zf\right|^4{\rm d}t=\int_1^T Z^4(t){\rm d}t
\edis
where
\be \label{1.1}
Z(t)=e^{i\vth(t)}\zf,\ \vth(t)=-\frac t2\ln\pi+\text{Im}\ln\Gamma\left(\frac 14+i\frac t2\right)
\ee
is the signal generated by the Riemann zeta-function on the critical line. Hardy and Littlewood derived the following estimate (see \cite{1}, pp.
41 -- 59; \cite{8}, p. 124)
\bdis
\int_1^T\left|\zf\right|^4{\rm d}t=\mcal{O}(T\ln^4T) .
\edis
In this direction, Ingham derived in 1926 the following asymptotic formula
\be \label{1.2}
\int_1^T\left|\zf\right|^4{\rm d}t=\frac{1}{2\pi^2}T\ln^4T+\mcal{O}(T\ln^3T)
\ee
(see \cite{2}, p. 227; \cite{8}, p. 125). Let us remind, finally, the Ingham - Heath-Brown formula (see \cite{3}, p. 129)
\be \label{1.3}
\int_0^T Z^4(t){\rm d}t=T\sum_{p=0}^4C_p\ln^{4-p}T+\mcal{O}(T^{\frac 78+\epsilon}),\ C_0=\frac{1}{2\pi^2}
\ee
that improves the Ingham's formula (\ref{1.2}).

\begin{remark}
The small improvements of the Heath-Brown exponent $\frac 78$ are irrelevant for our purposes.
\end{remark}

\subsection{}

We have obtained in our paper \cite{6} the following formula
\be \label{1.4}
\begin{split}
& \int_T^{T+U}\left|\zeta\left(\frac 12+i\vp_1^{n+1}(t)\right)\right|^4\prod_{k=0}^n\left|\zeta\left(\frac 12+i\vp_1^k(t)\right)\right|^2{\rm d}t\sim
\frac{1}{2\pi^2}U\ln^{n+5}T,\\
& U=T^{\frac 78+2\epsilon},\quad T\to\infty ,
\end{split}
\ee
that is valid for every fixed $n\in\mbb{N}$ where (see \cite{7}, (2.1))
\bdis
\begin{split}
& \vp_1^0(t)=1,\ \vp_1^1(t)=\vp_1(t),\ \vp_1^2(t)=\vp_1(\vp_1(t)),\dots , \\
& \vp_1^{k+1}(t)=\vp_1(\vp_1^k(t)), \dots ,
\end{split}
\edis
and $\vp_1^k$ stands for the $k$-th iteration of the Jacob's ladder. \\

Next, by the Riemann-Siegel formula (comp. \cite{8}, p. 79)
\be \label{1.5}
Z(t)=2\sum_{n\leq x}\frac{1}{\sqrt{n}}\cos\{\vth(t)-t\ln n\}+\mcal{O}(t^{-\frac 14}),\ x=\sqrt{\frac{t}{2\pi}} ,
\ee
we have
\be \label{1.6}
\begin{split}
& \left|\zeta\left(\frac 12+i\vp_1^k(t)\right)\right|= \\
& = \left|2\sum_{n\leq x_k}\frac{1}{\sqrt{n}}\cos\{\vth[\vp_1^k(t)]-\vp_1^k(t)\ln n\}+\mcal{O}\left\{\left|\vp_1^k(t)\right|^{-\frac 14}\right\}\right|, \\
& x_k=\sqrt{\frac{\vp_1^k(t)}{2\pi}},\quad k=0,1,\dots,n+1 .
\end{split}
\ee

\begin{remark}
Let us remind the graph of the function $Z(\tau),\ t=2\pi \tau$ constructed by the Riemann-Siegel formula (\ref{1.5}) -- in the neighborhood of the
Lehmer-Meller second pair of the zeroes of the function $\zf$, $\tau\approx 2728.52$. This graph, in connection with (\ref{1.1}), (\ref{1.6}), gives
some information about how complicated is the structure of the signal
\bdis
P_n(t)=\left|\zeta\left(\frac 12+i\vp_1^{n+1}(t)\right)\right|^4\prod_{k=0}^n\left|\zeta\left(\frac 12+i\vp_1^k(t)\right)\right|^2,\ t\in [T,T+U] ,
\edis
for example, in the case
\bdis
n=10^{10^{10^{34}}}
\edis
(Skeewes constant).
\end{remark}

\subsection{}

In this paper we shall show that the integral
\be \label{1.7}
\int_T^{T+U}\left\{\sum_{p=0}^4 A_p\left[\ln\vp_1^{n+1}(t)\right]^{4-p}\right\}\prod_{k=0}^n\left|\zeta\left(\frac 12+i\vp_1^k(t)\right)\right|^2{\rm d}t
\ee
is asymptotically equal (by means of the asymptotic equivalence) to the integral (\ref{1.4}) for some vector
\bdis
A=(A_0,A_1,A_2,A_3,A_4) ,
\edis
and next, the integrals (\ref{1.4}), (\ref{1.7}) generate some new class of asymptotically equivalent integrals.

\section{The result}

\subsection{}

The following Theorem holds true.

\begin{mydef1}
If
\bdis
A=(C_0,C_1+4C_0,C_2+3C_1,C_3+2C_2,C_4+C_3)
\edis
where
\be \label{2.1}
C=(C_0,C_1,C_2,C_3,C_4)
\ee
is the Ingham - Heath-Brown vector (see (\ref{1.3}) then
\be \label{2.2}
\begin{split}
& \int_T^{T+U}\left\{\left|\zeta\left(\frac 12+i\vp_1^{n+1}(t)\right)\right|^4-\sum_{p=0}^4 A_p\left[\ln\vp_1^{n+1}(t)\right]^{4-p}\right\}\times \\
& \times\prod_{k=0}^n\left|\zeta\left(\frac 12+i\vp_1^k(t)\right)\right|^2{\rm d}t=\mcal{O}(U\ln^{n+4}T\ln\ln T),\\
& U=T^{\frac 78+2\epsilon}
\end{split}
\ee
for every fixed $n\in\mbb{N}$, i. e. (see (\ref{1.4}))
\be \label{2.3}
\begin{split}
&  \int_T^{T+U}\left|\zeta\left(\frac 12+i\vp_1^{n+1}(t)\right)\right|^4\prod_{k=0}^n\left|\zeta\left(\frac 12+i\vp_1^k(t)\right)\right|^2{\rm d}t\sim \\
& \sim \int_T^{T+U}\left\{\sum_{p=0}^4 A_p\left[\ln\vp_1^{n+1}(t)\right]^{4-p}\right\}\prod_{k=0}^n\left|\zeta\left(\frac 12+i\vp_1^k(t)\right)\right|^2{\rm d}t,\
T\to\infty .
\end{split}
\ee
\end{mydef1}

\begin{remark}
The asymptotic equivalence of the integrals (\ref{1.4}) and (\ref{1.7}) is expressed by the formula (\ref{2.3}).
\end{remark}

\subsection{}

Let us denote
\bdis
\begin{split}
& \left|\zeta\left(\frac 12+i\vp_1^{n+1}(t)\right)\right|=|\zeta^4|, \\
& \sum_{p=0}^4 A_p\left[\ln\vp_1^{n+1}(t)\right]^{4-p}=P_4 .
\end{split}
\edis
Then, by the simple algebraic manipulation, one obtains
\be \label{2.4}
P_4=\frac{|\zeta^4|^{2^L}-(P_4)^{2^L}}{\sum_{l=0}^{2^L-1}|\zeta^4|^{2^L-l-1}(P_4)^l} ,
\ee
and, consequently, by (\ref{2.2})-(\ref{2.4}) we obtain ($P_4>0$ as $T\to\infty$) the following

\begin{cor}
\be \label{2.5}
\begin{split}
& \int_T^{T+U}|\zeta^4|^{2^L}\frac{\prod_{k=0}^n\left|\zeta\left(\frac 12+i\vp_1^k(t)\right)\right|^2}
{\sum_{l=0}^{2^L-1}|\zeta^4|^{2^L-l-1}(P_4)^l}{\rm d}t\sim \\
& \sim\int_T^{T+U} (P_4)^{2^L}\frac{\prod_{k=0}^n\left|\zeta\left(\frac 12+i\vp_1^k(t)\right)\right|^2}
{\sum_{l=0}^{2^L-1}(P_4)^{2^L-l-1}(P_4)^l}{\rm d}t,\ T\to\infty
\end{split}
\ee
for every fixed $n,L\in\mbb{N}$ .
\end{cor}

Next, from the formula
\bdis
|\zeta^4|-P_4=\left[|\zeta^4|^{\frac{1}{2^L}}-(P_4)^{\frac{1}{2^L}}\right]\sum_{l=0}^{2^L-1}
\left(|\zeta|^{\frac{4}{2^L}}\right)^{2^L-l-1}\left[(P_4)^{\frac{1}{2^L}}\right]^l
\edis
we obtain by a similar way the following

\begin{cor}
\be \label{2.6}
\begin{split}
& \int_T^{T+U} |\zeta^4|^{\frac{1}{2^L}}\sum_{l=0}^{2^L-1}\left(|\zeta|^{\frac{4}{2^L}}\right)^{2^L-l-1}\left[(P_4)^{\frac{1}{2^L}}\right]^l\prod_{k=0}^n\left|\zeta\left(\frac 12+i\vp_1^k(t)\right)\right|^2{\rm d}t\sim \\
& \sim\int_T^{T+U}(P_4)^{\frac{1}{2^L}} \sum_{l=0}^{2^L-1}\left(|\zeta|^{\frac{4}{2^L}}\right)^{2^L-l-1}\left[(P_4)^{\frac{4}{2^L}}\right]^l\prod_{k=0}^n\left|\zeta\left(\frac 12+i\vp_1^k(t)\right)\right|^2{\rm d}t,\\
& T\to\infty
\end{split}
\ee
for every fixed $n.L\in\mbb{N}$.
\end{cor}

\begin{remark}
There is the following interpretation of the formula (\ref{2.5}): the mapping
\bdis
|\zeta^4|\ \leftrightarrow \ P_4
\edis
transforms the integral
\bdis
\int_T^{T+U}|\zeta^4|\frac{\prod_{k=0}^n\left|\zeta\left(\frac 12+i\vp_1^k(t)\right)\right|^2}
{\sum_{l=0}^{2^L-1}|\zeta^4|^{2^L-l-1}(P_4)^l}{\rm d}t
\edis
into the asymptotically equivalent integral
\bdis
\int_T^{T+U}P_4\frac{\prod_{k=0}^n\left|\zeta\left(\frac 12+i\vp_1^k(t)\right)\right|^2}
{\sum_{l=0}^{2^L-1}(P_4)^{2^L-l-1}(P_4)^l}{\rm d}t ,
\edis
and vice-versa. A similar property holds true for the formula (\ref{2.6}).
\end{remark}

\section{Proof of Theorem}

\subsection{}

From the formula (see \cite{7}, (3.1))
\bdis
\int_T^{T+U} F[\vp_1^{n+1}(t)]\prod_{k=0}^n\tilde{Z}^2[\vp_1^k(t)]{\rm d}t=\int_{\vp_1^{n+1}(T)}^{\vp_1^{n+1}(T+U)}F(t){\rm d}t
\edis
we obtain in the cases
\be \label{3.1}
F(t)=\left|\zf\right|^4,\ \sum_{p=0}^4 A_p\ln^{4-p}t,\ U=T^{\frac 78+2\epsilon}
\ee
the following formulae (see (\ref{1.3}))
\be \label{3.2}
\begin{split}
& J_1=\int_T^{T+U}\left|\zeta\left(\frac 12+i\vp_1^{n+1}(t)\right)\right|^4\prod_{k=0}^4\tilde{Z}^2[\vp_1^k(t)]{\rm d}t= \\
& =\int_{\vp_1^{n+1}(T)}^{\vp_1^{n+1}(T+U)}\left|\zf\right|^4{\rm d}t=\left. t\sum_{p=0}^4 C_p\ln^{4-p}t\right|_{t=\vp_1^{n+1}(T)}^{\vp_1^{n+1}(T+U)}+\mcal{O}(T^{\frac 78+\epsilon}) ,
\end{split}
\ee
since (see \cite{6}, (3.5))
\be \label{3.3}
t\sim \vp_1^{n+1}(t),\ t\in [T,T+U] ,
\ee
and
\be \label{3.4}
\begin{split}
& J_2=\int_T^{T+U}\left\{\sum_{p=0}^4 A_p[\ln\vp_1^{n+1}(t)]^{4-p}\right\}\prod_{k=0}^4\tilde{Z}^2[\vp_1^k(t)]{\rm d}t=\\
& =\int_{\vp_1^{n+1}(T)}^{\vp_1^{n+1}(T+U)}\left\{\sum_{p=0}^4 A_p\ln^{4-p}t\right\}{\rm d}t .
\end{split}
\ee

\subsection{}

By elementary formulae (the constant of integration are omited)
\bdis
\begin{split}
& \int 1{\rm d}t=t, \\
& \int \ln t{\rm d}t=t\ln t-t , \\
& \int \ln^2 t{\rm d}t=t\ln^2t-2t\ln t+2t , \\
& \int \ln^3 t{\rm d}t=t\ln^3t-3t\ln^2t+6t\ln t-6t , \\
& \int \ln^4 t{\rm d}t=t\ln^4t-4t\ln^3t+12t\ln^2t-24t\ln t+24t
\end{split}
\edis
we obtain that (comp. \cite{5}, (3.1)-(3.3))
\bdis
\int_{\vp_1^{n+1}(T)}^{\vp_1^{n+1}(T+U)}\left\{\sum_{p=0}^4 A_p\ln^{4-p}t\right\}{\rm d}t=\left. t\sum_{p=0}^4 B_p\ln^{4-p}t\right|_{t=\vp_1^{n+1}(T)}^{t=\vp_1^{n+1}(T)} ,
\edis
where
\bdis
\begin{split}
& B_0=A_0 , \\
& B_1=-4A_0+A_1 , \\
& B_2=12A_0-3A_1+A_2, \\
& B_3=-24A_0+6A_1-2A_2+A_3 , \\
& B_4=24A_0-6A_1+2A_2-A_3+A_4 ,
\end{split}
\edis
i. e.
\be \label{3.5}
A=(B_0,B_1+4B_0,B_2+3B_1,B_3+2B_2,B_4+B_3) .
\ee
By making use of the equality
\bdis
B=C
\edis
(see (\ref{2.1})) we obtain by (\ref{3.4}), (\ref{3.5}) the following formula
\be \label{3.6}
\begin{split}
& J_2=\int_T^{T+U}\left\{\sum_{p=0}^4 A_p[\ln\vp_1^{n+1}(t)]^{4-p}\right\}\prod_{k=0}^4\tilde{Z}^2[\vp_1^k(t)]{\rm d}t= \\
& = \left. t\sum_{p=0}^4 C_p\ln^{4-p}t\right|_{t=\vp_1^{n+1}(T)}^{t=\vp_1^{n+1}(T+U)} .
\end{split}
\ee

\subsection{}

If
\bdis
H(t)=t\sum_{p=0}^4 C_p\ln^{4-p}t,\ t\in [\vp_1^{n+1}(T),\vp_1^{n+1}(T+U)]
\edis
then

\be \label{3.7}
\begin{split}
& H'(t)\sim C_0\ln^4t , \\
& H[\vp_1^{n+1}(T+U)]-H[\vp_1^{n+1}(T)]=H'(\alpha)[\vp_1^{n+1}(T+U)-\vp_1^{n+1}(T)]\sim \\
& \sim C_0U\ln^4\alpha  , \\
& \alpha=\vp_1^{n+1}(T)+\theta[\vp_1^{n+1}(T+U)-\vp_1^{n+1}(T)],\ \theta\in (0,1)
\end{split}
\ee
since in the macroscopic case (comp. (\ref{3.1})) we have (see \cite{7}, (2.9))
\be \label{3.8}
\vp_1^{n+1}(T+U)-\vp_1^{n+1}(T)\sim U,\ U=T^{\frac 78+2\epsilon}\in \left[ T^{\frac 13+2\epsilon},\frac{T}{\ln^2T}\right] .
\ee
Next, by (\ref{3.3}), (\ref{3.8})
\be \label{3.9}
\begin{split}
& \ln\alpha=\ln\{\vp_1^{n+1}(T)+\theta [\vp_1^{n+1}(T+U)-\vp_1^{n+1}(T)]\}= \\
& = \ln\vp_1^{n+1}(T)+\ln\left\{1+\mcal{O}\left(\frac{U}{\vp_1^{n+1}(T)}\right)\right\}\sim\ln T ,
\end{split}
\ee
and, consequently, we obtain from (\ref{3.7})
\be \label{3.10}
\left. t\sum_{p=0}^4 C_p\ln^{4-p}t\right|_{t=\vp_1^{n+1}(T)}^{t=\vp_1^{n+1}(T+U)}\sim C_0U\ln^4T .
\ee

\subsection{}

It follows from (\ref{3.3}) and (\ref{3.7}) that
\bdis
J_1-J_2=\mcal{O}(T^{\frac 78+\epsilon}) ,
\edis
and (see (\ref{3.6}), (\ref{3.10}))
\bdis
\frac{J_1}{J_2}-1=\mcal{O}\left(\frac{T^{\frac 78+\epsilon}}{J_2}\right)=\mcal{O}\left(\frac{T^{\frac 78+\epsilon}}{U\ln^4T}\right) ,
\edis
i. e.
\be \label{3.11}
\frac{J_1}{J_2}=1+\mcal{O}\left(\frac{1}{T^{\epsilon}\ln^4T}\right) .
\ee
Next, in order to transform $J_1$ and $J_2$, we use the formula (see \cite{7}, (3.3))
\bdis
\begin{split}
& \int_T^{T+U} F[\vp_1^{n+1}(t)]\prod_{k=0}^n\tilde{Z}^2[\vp_1^k(t)]{\rm d}t= \\
& =\left\{1+\mcal{O}\left(\frac{\ln\ln T}{\ln T}\right)\right\}\frac{1}{\ln^{n+1}T}\int_T^{T+U}F[\vp_1^{n+1}(t)]\prod_{k=0}^n
\left|\zeta\left(\frac 12+i\vp_1^k(t)\right)\right|^2{\rm d}t
\end{split}
\edis
where (comp. \cite{7}, (2.2))
\bdis
\tilde{Z}^2(t)=\frac{\left|\zf\right|^2}{\left\{ 1+\mcal{O}\left(\frac{\ln\ln t}{\ln t}\right)\right\}\ln t} ,
\edis
and we obtain (see (\ref{3.11}))
\bdis
\frac{\bar{J}_1}{\bar{J}_2}\left\{1+\mcal{O}\left(\frac{\ln\ln T}{\ln T}\right)\right\}=1+\mcal{O}\left(\frac{1}{T^{\epsilon}\ln^4T}\right),
\edis
i. e.
\be \label{3.12}
\frac{\bar{J}_1}{\bar{J}_2}=1+\mcal{O}\left(\frac{\ln\ln T}{\ln T}\right)
\ee
where
\be \label{3.13}
\begin{split}
& \bar{J}_1=\int_T^{T+U}\left|\zeta\left(\frac 12+i\vp_1^{n+1}(t)\right)\right|^4\prod_{k=0}^n\left|\zeta\left(\frac 12+i\vp_1^{k}(t)\right)\right|^2{\rm d}t,\\
& \bar{J}_2=\int_T^{T+U}\left\{\sum_{p=0}^4 A_p[\ln\vp_1^{n+1}(t)]^{4-p}\right\}\prod_{k=0}^n\left|\zeta\left(\frac 12+i\vp_1^{k}(t)\right)\right|^2{\rm d}t .
\end{split}
\ee
Since by (\ref{3.13}) and (\ref{1.4})
\bdis
\tilde{J}_2\sim\tilde{J}_1\sim\frac{1}{2\pi^2}U\ln^{n+5}T ,
\edis
then we obtain from (\ref{3.12})
\bdis
\bar{J}_1=\bar{J}_2+\mcal{O}\left(\bar{J}_2\frac{\ln\ln T}{\ln T}\right)=\bar{J}_2+\mcal{O}(U\ln^{n+4}T\ln\ln T)
\edis
that verifies the formula (\ref{2.2}).

\thanks{I would like to thank Michal Demetrian for helping me with the electronic version of this work.}



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\end{document}
